Animal Waste Management Consortium Research

Summary:
Impact of Diet Manipulation on Manure Phosphorus Production b Swine, Poultry, Beef and Dairy Cattle and Soil Chemical Properties of the Generated Manure Phosphorus (99-15)

Layi Adeola, Brad Joern, Brian Richert, Al Sutton, and Gary L. Allee

Purdue University and University of Missouri

Significant findings
Publications
Tables and figures

Significant findings—impact

The experiments conducted with poultry, swine, beef cattle, and dairy cattle clearly established increased phosphorus bioavailability and reduced excretion of phosphorus when low-phytate corn, low-phytate soybean meal, or phytase are used in diet formulation. Phosphorus runoff was also reduced when manure generated from animals fed a combination of low-phytate corn and phytase was applied to soil.

In poultry studies, the use of low-phytate corn or soybean meal reduced phosphorus excretion 20 to 30 percent; and the use of both low-phytate corn and low-phytate soybean meal can reduce phosphorus excretion by 50 to 60 percent. Furthermore, the excretion of phosphorus was reduced 55 to 65 percent by a combination of low-phytate corn, low-phytate soybean meal, and phytase.

The use of low-phytate corn in pigs reduced phosphorus excretion 30 to 40 percent in pig studies. The excretion of phosphorus was reduced 50 to 60 percent by a combination of low-phytate corn and phytase or both low-phytate corn and low-phytate soybean. Finally, a combination of low-phytate corn, low-phytate soybean meal, and phytase reduced phosphorus excretion 45 to 60 percent. Although there was approximately five percentage points increase in water-soluble phosphorus when expressed as a percent of total phosphorus, the overwhelming reduction in phosphorus excretion resulted in 40 to 45 percent reduction in daily excretion (in grams per day) of water-soluble phosphorus. Also, ileal digestibility of amino acids in low-phytate corn is improved 2.5 to 3.5 percent but there was little effect on energy digestibility.

In beef cattle studies, the use of phytase and low-phytate corn did not have any adverse effect on performance and had a minimal impact ammonia emission. However in dairy cattle studies, the use of low-phytate corn reduced fecal phosphorus approximately 50 percent; and the use of both low-phytate corn and phytase can reduce fecal phosphorus (both total and water-soluble) by 50 to 70 percent.

Storage of manure collected from pigs fed a combination of low-phytate corn and phytase showed approximately 40 percent and 36 percent reduction in total and water-soluble phosphorus, respectively. Moreover, soil application of manure generated from pigs fed a combination of low-phytate corn and phytase reduced phosphorus runoff approximately 20 percent.

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Publications

A total of 29 publications resulted from the research activity supported by the funds and consisted five full journal papers, three conference proceeding papers, nineteen abstracts presented at conferences, and two reports.

Adeola, O., J.S. Sands, D. Ragland, C.A. Baxter, and B.C. Joern. 2000. High-available phosphorus in the diets of young pigs. In: Digestive Physiology in Pigs. Proc. of the 8th International Symposium CABI Publishing, New York, NY. (J.E. Lindberg (Ed.)) 336-369.

Applegate, T.J., B.C. Joern, D.L. Nussbaum-Wagler, and R. Angel. 2003. Water-soluble phosphorus in fresh broiler litter is dependent upon phosphorus concentration fed but not on fungal phytase supplementation. Poultry Sci. 82:1024-1029.

Baxter, C.A., and B.C. Joern. 2000. Soil phosphorus source effects on phosphorus transport. Agron. Abstr. p. 409(Abstract).

Baxter, C.A., A.S. Berg, T.J. Applegate, and B.C. Joern. 2003. Simultaneous analysis of orthophosphate and some organic phosphates with ion chromatography. Agron. Abstr. S08-baxter579509-poster.

Baxter, C.A., B.C. Joern, and O. Adeola. 1998. Dietary phosphorus management to reduce soil phosphorus loading from pig manure. In: Proc. of the 27th NC Central Extension-Industry Soil Fertility Conference (D. Franzen (Ed.)) pp. 104-110.

Baxter, C.A., B.C. Joern, D. Ragland, J.S. Sands, O. Adeola. 2003. Phytase, high available phosphorus corn and storage impacts on phosphorus levels in pig excreta. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1481-1489.

Berg, A.S., B.R. Richert, T.J. Applegate, and B.C. Joern. 2002. Phosphorus source impacts on soil test phosphorus following incubation. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S11-joern135044-Poster).

Frank, J.W., D.C. Cooper, G.L. Allee and T.E. Sauber. 2000. Comparison of apparent nutrient digestibility values of normal and low-phytate/low-oligosaccharide soybean meals in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):72(Abstract).

Hankins, S., A. Sutton, J. Patterson, O. Adeola, B. Richert, A. Heber, D. Kelly, and K. Kephart. 2000. Diet modification to reduce odorous compounds in pig manure. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 1):187 (Abstract).

Hess, P.J., B.C. Joern, and J.A. Lory. 2001. Developing software for livestock manure and nutrient management in the USA. pp. 371-389. In R.F. Follet and J.L. Hatfield (ed.) Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management. Elsevier Science B.V.

Hill, B.E., S.L. Hankins, S.A. Trapp, A.L. Sutton, and B.T. Richert. 2003. Effects of low phytic acid corn, low phytic acid soybean meal, and phytase on nutrient digestibility and excretion in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81(Suppl. 2):37(Abstract).

Hill, B.E., S.L. Hankins, J.F. Kearney, J.D. Arseneau, D.T. Kelly, S.S. Donkin, B.T. Richert, and A.L. Sutton. 2002. Effects of feeding low phytic acid corn and phytase on phosphorus balance in lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 80(Suppl. 1): 44(Abstract).

Hill, B., S.L. Hankins, S.A. Trapp, A.L. Sutton, and B.T. Richert. 2002. Effects of low phytic acid corn, low phytic acid soybean meal, and phytase on nutrient excretion and nutrient digestibility in pigs. Purdue Swine Research Report, Purdue University, pp 23-30.

Joern, B.C., and P.J. Hess. 2002. Implementing nutrient management policy with SNMP and MMP: plan writing and reporting. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S04-joern140125-Oral).

Joern, B.C., and P.J. Hess. 2003. Incorporating livestock manures into nutrient management plans. Agron. Abstr. A09-joern880572-oral.

Joern, B.C., P.J. Hess, and T. Bailey. 2002. The role of phosphorus indexes and conservation practices in nutrient management planning. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (A09-joern141746-Oral).

Joern, B.C., P.J. Hess, and J.A. Lory. 2000. Software programs for nutrient management planning and recordkeeping. Agron. Abstr. p. 40(Abstract).

Kamprath, E.J., D.B. Beegle, P.E. Fixen, S.C. Hodges, B.C. Joern, A.P. Mallarino, R.O. Miller, J.T. Sims, R. Ward, and A.M. Wolf. 2000. Relevance of soil testing to agriculture and the environment. 12 p. Issue paper No. 15. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Ames, IA.

Kendall, D.C. B.T. Richert, K.A. Bowers, S.A. DeCamp, C.T. Herr, T.E. Weber, D. Kelly, A.L. Sutton, D.W. Bundy, and W.J. Powers. 2001. Effects of dietary manipulation on pig performance, manure composition, aerial ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor levels in swine buildings. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl.):59 (Abstract).

Nussbaum-Wagler, D.L., J.A. Lory, R.L. Mikkelsen, and B.C. Joern. 2002. Diet impacts on phosphorus losses from manured soils under simulated rainfall. Agron. Abstr. CD-ROM (S11-joern153548-Poster).

Onyango, E.M., E.K. Asem, and O. Adeola. 2000. Redudtion in dietary phosphorus concentration does not change brush border phytase activity along small intestinal axis in chicks. Poultry Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1):132(Abstract).

Sands, J.S. and O. Adeola. 2000. Bioavailability of phosphorus in high available phosphorus corn and normal corn for young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78 (Suppl. 1):177(Abstract).

Sands, J.S., O. Adeola, D. Ragland, C.A. Baxter, B.C. Joern, and T.E. Sauber. 2000. Effect of high available phosphorus corn and phytase on phytate phosphorus utilization and growth performance of young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):72(Abstract).

Sands, J.S., D. Ragland, J. Wilcox, and O. Adeola. 2003. Relative bioavailability of phosphorus and retention of nutrients from low-phytate soybean meal for broiler chicks, Can. J. Anim. Sci. 83:95-100.

Sands, J.S., D. Ragland, C. Baxter, B.C. Joern, T.E. Sauber, and O. Adeola. 2001. High available phosphorus corn and phytase for pigs: performance, nutrient balance, and phosphorus availability. J. Animal Sci. 79:2134-2142.

Spencer, J.D., G.L. Allee, and T.E. Sauber. 2000. Growing-finishing performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed normal and genetically modified low-phytate corn. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1529-1536.

Spencer, J.D., G.L. Allee, J.W. Frank, and T.E. Sauber. 2000. Nutrient retention and growth performance of pigs fed diets formulated with low-phytate corn and/or low-phytate/low oligosaccharide soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):73 (Abstract).

Spencer, J.D., G.L. Allee, J.W. Frank, and T.E. Sauber. 2000. Relative phosphorus availability and retention of low-phytate/low oligosaccharide soybean meals for growing pigs and chicks. J. Anim. Sci. 78(Suppl. 2):72(Abstract).

Spencer, J.D., G.L. Allee, J.W. Frank, and T.E. Sauber. 2000. Use of low-phytate corn and low-phytate/low-oligosaccharide soybean meal in broiler diets reduces phosphorus excretion. Poultry Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):11(Abstract).

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Tables and figures

Table 1. Growth performance of chicks fed diets supplemented with P from monosodium phosphate (MSP) low phytate soybean meal (LP-SBM) or normal soybean meal (SBM)

Table 2. Tibia Biomechanical properties from chicks fed diets supplemented with P from monosodium phosphate (MSP) low phytate soybean meal (LP-SBM) or normal soybean meal (SBM)

Table 3. Tibia mineral content and Tibia ash from chicks fed diets supplemented with P from monosodium phosphate (MSP) low phytate soybean meal (LP-SBM) or normal soybean meal (SBM)

Table 4. Apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities of normal and low phytate corn for broilers

Table 5. Growth performance of chicks fed diets supplemented with P from monosodium phosphate (MSP), low phytate soybean meal (LPSBM), or normal soybean meal (SBM) from one-week to three-week old.

Table 6. Body weight gain, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, gain: feed ratio and final Ca and P levels of pigs fed graded levels of P from MSP, NML corn or HAP corn.

Table 7. Growth performance and metacarpal bone strength of pigs fed diets formulated to the same available phosphorus level with normal or genetically modified low-phytate corn or low-phytate (Type 2) soybean meal.

Table 8. Ingredient composition of experimental diets, as-is basis

Table 9. Analyzed composition of experimental diets and ingredients, as-is basis

Table 10. Effect of diet on dry matter (DM) intake, digestibility and excretion

Table 11. Effect of diet on total nitrogen digestibility, excretion, and NH4-N excretion

Table 12. Effect of diet on total phosphorus digestibility, excretion, and water soluble phosphorus (WSP) excretion

Table 13. Effect of diet on potassium digestibility and excretion

Table 14. Effect of diet on dry matter (DM) digestibility and pH

Table 15. Effect of diet on nitrogen digestibility and NH4-N excretion

Table 16. Effect of diet on phosphorus digestibility

Table 17. Effect of diet on volatile fatty acid (VFA) content of feces

Table 18. Effect of diet on mineral composition of feces and urine

Table 19. Effect of diet on gain, feed consumption, average daily gain and feed efficiency of individually fed steers during the growing period (d 0-74)

Table 20. Effect of diet on gain, feed consumption, average daily gain and feed efficiency of individually fed steers during the finishing period (d75-168)

Table 21. Effect of diet on gain, feed consumption, average daily gain and feed efficiency of individually fed steers for the complete feeding period (168 d)

Table 22. Effect of diet on carcass characteristics of individually fed steers

Table 23. Effect of diet on dry matter (DM) digestibility and pH

Table 24. Effect of diet on nitrogen digestibility and NH4-N excretion

Table 25. Effect of diet on phosphorus digestibility

Table 26. Effect of diet on volatile fatty acid (VFA) content of feces

Table 27. Effect of diet on mineral composition of feces and urine

Table 28. Diet composition, DM basis

Table 29. Effect of corn type and phytase inclusion on milk production characteristics and DM digestibility

Table 30. Effect of corn type and phytase inclusion on N digestibility and excretion

Table 31. Effect of corn type and phytase inclusion on P digestibility, excretion, and balance

Table 32. Effect of corn type and phytase inclusion on K digestibility, excretion, and total fecal VFA concentrations

Table 33. Effect of corn type and soybean meal type on dry matter (DM) disappearance, percent DM released

Table 34. Effect of corn type and soybean meal type on phosphorus (P) disappearance, percent P released

Table 35. Effect of corn type and soybean meal type on nitrogen (N) disappearance, percent N released

Table 36. Average daily dry matter and urine excretion, P pools* in fecal dry matter, and total P in urine

Table 37. Influence of diet on relative P pools* averaged across 0-, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 150-d storage times

Table 38. Selected soil properties prior to manure additions

Table 39. Results of chemical analysis of the fresh manure prior to the beginning of the study

Table 40. Average nitrogen and phosphorus application rates and ratios

Table 41. Cumulative runoff mass, sediment load and pH from each soil across treatments

Table 42. Main effects of diet on phosphorus runoff from the Creldon silt loam, Cecil clay loam, and Sleeth silt loam

Table 43. Main effects of application method on phosphorus runoff from the Creldon silt loam, Cecil clay loam, and Sleeth silt loam

Table 44. Main effects of animal species on phosphorus runoff from the Creldon silt loam, Cecil clay loam, and Sleeth silt loam

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